China, the Western Balkans and the EU: Can three tango?

With China pouring loans into the Western Balkans, the EU must step in to ensure this money benefits the region, writes Wawa Wang.

Wawa Wang is Public Finance Policy Officer at CEE Bankwatch Network. She monitors public financing in the Western Balkans and works to tighten safeguard mechanisms at Chinese and multilateral development banks.

While the EU has kept busy with its economic and political crises, China has become a main financier in the eastern part of the continent.

China’s far-reaching Belt and Road initiative to create mega connectivity corridors on land and by sea, including from China to Europe, is made viable with Chinese financing and development of big ticket infrastructure projects in wider Europe’s key strategic transport and energy sectors.

But there’s more going on. China is financing at least five new coal plants in the Western Balkans that would not qualify for financing from multilateral development banks and export credit agencies, which have stepped away from coal in the last years.

China is increasing its ties not only with the Western Balkans but also with investment-hungry eastern EU member states, mainly through a China-led platform, the so-called Central and Eastern Europe-China “16+1” framework, that comprises annual signing of trade agreements.

In the rush for Chinese cash, the Western Balkans are agreeing to business deals that could prove problematic for the countries’ path towards EU accession.

‘Chinese Balkan corridor’ pits EU north against south

The Western Balkans have become China’s preferred access point to the EU, and a corridor to Europe’s north from the Greek port of Piraeus is being financed by Beijing. But Brussels fears EU rules will not be respected, while in northern countries, big ports resent the competition.

The trouble is, there are insufficient mechanisms to ensure that Chinese investments in the Western Balkans adhere to EU standards. In the Western Balkans, not yet members of the union, the EU has fewer tools at its disposal, and those which it does have, it does not use sufficiently.

Take for example the nine or so new coal-fired power plants planned by Western Balkan countries at the moment. Of these, at least five – Kostolac B3 in Serbia, and Tuzla 7, Banovići, Gacko II and Kamengrad in Bosnia-Herzegovina – are expected to involve Chinese companies and receive financing from the China Exim Bank, the Industrial Commercial Bank of China and potentially other Chinese banks.

Not one of them is guaranteed to be in line with the EU’s current pollution control standards, the so-called LCP BREF. The environmental impact assessments are generally of low quality and all the ones done so far are being challenged in court.

Only one of the projects has been subject to a tender procedure which appeared to be regular. For Kostolac B3 in Serbia there was none at all – with Serbia and China instead signing an intergovernmental agreement to waive this requirement.

The Chinese loans discussed so far would be backed by state guarantees with unknown conditions, thus potentially clashing with the countries’ state aid commitments under the Energy Community Treaty. In the case of Kostolac B3 the Serbian state actually took the loan instead of the state-owned company Elektroprivreda Srbije (EPS), thus shielding EPS from any real risk. Other forms of state aid eg. subsidies for coal mining also plague the sector in these countries.

Even with the state aid, most of the projects are unlikely to be profitable. Their proponents are too optimistic about likely electricity sales prices and coal production prices, and hardly any of them have taken future CO2 costs into account. Adding even low CO2 prices for plants like Kostolac B3 and Gacko II results in the plants being unprofitable.

One Chinese-financed coal plant, Stanari, in Bosnia-Herzegovina, has already been built in the region and started operating in 2016. EU pollution control legislation for new plants has been updated twice since the Large Combustion Plants Directive which Stanari was designed to comply with, rendering it out of date before it even started to operate. In May 2017 media reported that project promoter EFT may sell the Stanari plant or a share in it to Croatia’s state-owned Hrvatska Elektroprivreda, raising questions about its profitability.

Current Chinese financing in the Western Balkans’ energy sector is enabling non-compliant coal projects to thrive, thus putting European regulatory harmonisation at risk.

At the same time, the EU and the Western Balkans are caught in a chicken-and-egg situation: The EU has not been able to offer a quick enough accession perspective to motivate the Western Balkans countries to comply with EU law, while the countries have not made enough progress for the EU to promise rapid accession.

The only way to solve this conundrum is for the EU to step in and ensure its legislation is adhered to when Chinese investors offer deals to the Western Balkans.

At this week’s EU-Western Balkans summit in Sofia, Bulgaria, the EU is expected to reaffirm its commitment towards its Western Balkans partners and strengthen connectivity with and within the region. This follows its Western Balkans Strategy issued on 6 February this year, which constituted the EU’s clearest statement in years on the prospects for accession.

This summit constitutes a clear opportunity for the EU to assert its position and clearly let China and the Western Balkans countries know what it expects.

China strengthens grip on Central Europe and Balkans at Budapest summit

A 16+1 summit of the Central and Eastern European Countries and China took place yesterday (27 November) in Budapest, hosted by the Hungarian Prime Minister Victor Orbán. His Bulgarian colleague Boyko Borissov announced that next years’ summit will take place in Sofia.

To ensure the Chinese-financed projects in the Western Balkans are in line with EU standards, the EU has several tools at its disposal. For one, it has funding, which can be redirected, increased or withdrawn. It also has the Energy Community Treaty (a mechanism to integrate energy markets of pre-accession countries), which needs to be strengthened to make enforcement more credible. And it could also develop mechanisms to assist countries – for example in case of energy shortages – or to dis-incentivise them from certain policy routes – for example limitations on imports of energy from sources that don’t comply with EU law.

The Western Balkans’ governments will only become interested in EU standards when they see there are serious consequences to not following them and when they see what they can gain by doing so.

It is very much in China’s interest too to be more interested in adherence to EU standards, however, as failure to do so will eventually result in more and more doors being closed to its involvement in projects in the EU. Declaratively, China is committed to doing so, but in reality we have found its regulators and banks too ready to believe the assurances of Western Balkans’ governments without carrying out sufficient independent due diligence.